Legal Defender

Our Attorneys

James L. Fullin - Legal Defender

Fullin has been practicing law in Tucson since 1997, defending clients in the federal District Court for Arizona as well as tribal, state and municipal courts. He serves as Chair of the Tucson City Magistrate Merit Selection Panel as a Pima County Bar Association representative. Fullin has been interviewed by local news reporters on criminal law issues and appeared in an episode of A&E’s After the First 48 Hours. He graduated with honors from the University of Wisconsin Law School. Fullin was appointed as the Legal Defender in March 2018.

Felony Trial Team 1

Darlene Edminson - Felony Trial Team 1 Supervisor

Darlene began her professional life as an American Sign Language interpreter working primarily in medical, mental health, and educational settings.  Later, she became a program coordinator at the University of Arizona with a focus on providing accommodations for Deaf students, faculty, staff, and campus visitors.   While working at the University, Darlene utilized the tuition waivers offered to university employees.  She completed her undergraduate degree in the College of Education in 1990.  In 1993 Darlene enrolled in the University of Arizona College of law where she obtained her Juris Doctorate in 1996.  Upon graduation Darlene accepted a one-year appointment as Law Clerk/ Bailiff for the Honorable Michael J. Cruikshank who served on the Pima County Superior Court criminal bench.  In 1997 Darlene joined the Office of the Public Defender where she practiced until 2011 at which time she opened a private practice with a focus on criminal defense litigation.  Darlene practiced in both State and Federal Courts.  Throughout her time in private practice Darlene maintained a strong interest in returning to an office that handles indigent criminal defense cases.  She joined The Office of the Legal Defender in May of 2019.

Kristine Alger

Stephanie Ryan

Molly Fox

Dmitry Kashtelyan

Jeff Kautenburger

Ben Griem

Kara Rooney

Matt Messmer

Graduate of the University of Arizona James E. Rogers  College of Law, 2001, cum laude; University of Arizona, B.A. 1998, summa cum laude; admitted to the State Bar of Arizona, 2001; practical experience as a Law Clerk, Pima County Public Defender, 1999-2000; practical experience as a Rule 38(d) attorney in the University of Arizona Law College Child Advocacy Clinic, 2001; Defense Attorney in the Law Offices of the Pima County Public Defender, 2001-2020; Defense Attorney in the Law Offices of the Pima County Legal Defender since 2020.  

Chris Kaplan

Chris has called Arizona home since 2010 and graduated from the University of Arizona College of law in 2014. He began his career with the Arizona Attorney General’s Office and moved on to private practice with Snell & Wilmer before joining the Legal Defender’s Office in 2016. Since 2016, his practice has focused on all aspects of felony criminal defense from arraignment to trial.

Lynn Allan 

Lynn graduated from Boston College Law School in 2019.  She spent two years in Alaska clerking for the Superior Court and practicing as a criminal defense attorney.  She was admitted to the Arizona State Bar in 2020 and joined the Legal Defender’s Office in 2021.  

Christina Billhartz

Christina graduated from the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at ASU in 2018 with a B.A. in journalism and political science. She received her law degree from the University of Arizona in 2021. She was admitted to the Arizona State Bar and began working for the Legal Defender’s Office that same year. 

Jessica Wakefield

Felony Trial Team 2

Vince Frey - Felony Trial Team 2 Supervisor

Vincent Frey graduated from Arizona State University in 1983 with a  Bachelor of Science in Business Administration.  He received his law degree from the University of Arizona in 1990. He began working as a public defender in Cochise County in 1991, and served as the Chief Public Defender for Cochise County from 1994 to 1997. Vince Joined the Pima County Legal Defender’s Office in 2010.

Cynthia Yializis

Court appointed cases fall under the following categories:

• Felony Offense:

  A serious criminal charge that is potentially punishable by a sentence that may range from a year in the state department of corrections up to the imposition of the death penalty, and involve fines up to $150,000 plus surcharges.

• Appeals/Post-Conviction Relief Proceedings:

  If a jury finds that the defendant is guilty of an offense, the defendant is entitled to a direct appeal, which is brought before the Court of Appeals to review for error. A defendant who had a direct appeal is also entitled to appointed counsel for a Post-Conviction Relief proceeding. A defendant who accepts a plea is only entitled to appointed counsel for two Post-Conviction Relief proceedings.

• Extradition Proceedings:

  When another state seeks the custody of a person currently in Arizona, the other state must obtain that custody through the Extradition process in which the person is entitled to appointed counsel. The Legal Defender’s Office handles nearly all Extradition proceedings in Pima County. If the person is being supervised under the Interstate Compact, he or she is not entitled to appointed counsel.

• Probation Revocations:

  If a judge has given the defendant probation instead of prison as punishment for committing an offense, and if the probation officer files a paper in court alleging that the defendant has violated a probation condition, the defendant is entitled to appointed counsel at all proceedings seeking to take away probation, change a condition of that probation, or at a re-sentencing (called a disposition) if the judge finds, or the defendant admits, a violation of probation.

Does the Legal Defender’s Office handle matters other than criminal cases?

How do I retain the services of an Assistant Legal Defender?

What if I am not a resident of Pima County, or not a U.S. citizen?

What is the difference between an Assistant Legal Defender and an attorney in the private sector?

What kind of value do your clients receive?

Can we answer "quick" legal questions?

Can we recommend an attorney?

What happens in the court process?

Probation

Probation is not a reward.  Probation is an opportunity.  Your time (and your life) is not your own. 

The only people who usually get probation are people who have never been convicted of a felony.   If you are on probation and you had prior convictions, be glad that you now have the opportunity to avoid prison.

The idea behind probation is to give you structure so you can stay out of trouble and learn how to stay out of trouble after you get off probation.  That is why people on probation, for example, are not allowed to hang out with other people on probation, are not allowed to drink alcohol, and need to check in with their Probation Officers (POs) regularly.

You must follow probation rules because while you are on probation, your time (and your life) is not your own.  When you are on probation, it may seem like your life is back to normal because you can eat at your favorite fast-food place or hang-out with your family, but the Pima County Adult Probation Department and the Pima County Superior Court judge who imposed your probation keep track of your time and what you do “on the outside.”

Probation is a shock, and it’s hard.

For most people, being on probation is a shock.  Every time you fail to follow the rules, that means you have violated a probation condition.  We’ll get to that later. 

Not only are the rules a shock, but you may not get along with your PO because every PO is different.  Some POs approach their job in an easy-going manner.  Other POs are strict.  Both types of POs and every type in-between are truly and really trying to help you even when it seems that they are “against” you.  

Probation is hard.  It is punishment.  It’s not as harsh as going to prison or jail, but it is designed to help you “work on getting better,” whatever that may mean in your particular situation, such as getting a job, getting your high school diploma or GED, or simply showing your PO that you can follow the rules. 

You can succeed, you can make it.

You can succeed on probation.  You can succeed on probation even when you have a probation officer you don’t like (you just have to try harder).  

You can succeed by following through with all probation rules and conditions:  report on time and in person; make sure to give your probation officer notice when there’s an emergency; report law enforcement contacts; follow all other lawful rules and orders given by your PO.  If you show your PO that you are serious about making the effort to follow the rules, even if those rules seem stupid to you, you will gain some respect from PO.

Prison is the only other option.

Probation is the one alternative to prison that is available in Superior Court.  There is no house arrest, there is no ankle monitoring (at least for now), and there is no community service substitute (although community service is usually a part of probation).  In other words, if you don’t want to do probation, you go to prison.  Keep that in mind the next time you are struggling to do what your PO is telling you to do, because your PO is certainly thinking about preparing what's called a "petition to revoke probation"  (see more about this below) if you don’t do what they say.  No matter how bad things seem on probation, probation is probably way better than prison.

Getting along with your PO.

Think of your PO as the most important boss you have ever had.  If you’ve never had a boss, then now you do.  

If your PO is not happy with your attitude or your compliance (following the rules), they have the authority to make more rules that you must follow. You, of course, hold the power to follow those rules. 

Remember, the POs are trying to help you.  You need to help them help you.  They can't do it all--they need you to partner with them in your success. 

POs do not owe their probationers any favors or slack.  In fact, some POs from the probationer's perspective, appear to give their probationers a really hard time—sort of like a military drill sergeant might. POs have the authority to do this (give you more rules you must follow), but no authority to ask you to do anything illegal. If you think that is happening, you should contact your lawyer immediately.

Here is an example: Outside of the PO-probationer relationship, it would be completely inappropriate for anyone to show up to someone’s house at 2 a.m., come inside, and look through the person’s dresser drawers and kitchen cabinets to see if the person is hiding drugs or alcohol.  And yet, that is exactly what POs and SOs (Surveillance Officers) are expected to do with their probationers.  Don’t make the mistake of looking at your relationship with your PO through the same lens or by the same standards as the rest of your relationships.  

Repeat the following to yourself whenever you feel your PO is just not giving you respect: “I will earn my PO’s respect!”  If you show your PO that you do what you are told and stay out of trouble, eventually your PO will back off and you will be stepped down to a lower supervision level until eventually you can finish off probation on unsupervised probation.  If you are determined to stay out of prison, do what your PO requires of you and they will respect you for it. 

Seek help from your attorney before problems with your PO end up with you sitting in jail.

You are not alone on probation; your lawyer can help when things just seem completely unfair.  

Although by the time you are on probation the case is officially over, your lawyer still can play a role to counsel you about things that relate directly to the case.  How probation is going is something that relates directly to the case. 

If you are having trouble with probation or you feel that the PO is requiring things of you that are not appropriate or too extreme, contact your lawyer.  Your lawyer can discuss the details with you and figure out what the right thing to do is.  You and your lawyer might figure out either that (1) what you are feeling is simply the stress and anxiety that probationers are expected to experience while on probation, or (2) there are actually places where you need to step up your performance, or in rare circumstances, (3) your PO is doing inappropriate things with your supervision that need to be brought to the Court’s attention. 

Don’t make decisions about your probation without speaking with your lawyer first! Just disappearing and falling out of touch with your PO is a sure-fire way to end up in jail and on your way to prison.  Most people can’t tell on their own why they are having a hard time with  probation, but your lawyer may be able to give you ideas about how to succeed—whether it’s a letter or phone call to the PO, a motion to the Court, or just some insight into the situation, your lawyer can help you. 

Getting off probation.

In Pima County, a probationer can usually only qualify for early termination of probation if he or she has paid off all fines and fees.  Until all fines and fees have been paid off, it will be difficult to end your probation supervision.  In fact, probation can be extended if you have fines, fees, restitution, and other court-ordered financial obligations that haven’t been paid. 

In contrast, if you have paid off all of your fines and fees, call your lawyer and ask them to file a motion to terminate probation for you.  The first step is to contact your lawyer and he or she will then tell you what to do next. 

Undesignated offenses.

In Arizona, class 6 felonies are undesignated until a Court designates them as felonies or if the conviction is the result of a plea agreement that requires that the offense be designated as a felony.  What this means is that an undesignated class 6 felony conviction can be turned into a misdemeanor conviction.  Until that happens, however, the conviction is treated as a felony conviction.  

Designation as a misdemeanor is NOT automatic.  

If you never ask the Court to designate an undesignated offense as a misdemeanor, it will never stop being a felony.  Most judges will not designate a class 6 offense as a misdemeanor until the person has completed probation; however, there may be reasons a judge would be willing to do an earlier designation.  If you have questions about that, call your lawyer.  

Picking up a new offense while you have an undesignated class 6 felony on your record means that it will likely be a felony forever.  Don’t delay asking the Court for the misdemeanor. 

You can ask the Court for the designation as a misdemeanor yourself (there are forms available in the Pima County Superior Court Clerk’s office for people to use) or you can ask your lawyer to help you.  Your lawyer will be able to tell you some of the factors that will determine whether the Court is likely or not likely to designate your offense a misdemeanor. 

Petitions to revoke probation.

If you mess-up on probation, your PO will file a “petition to revoke” your probation.  Petitions to revoke are pleadings filed in Court before the judge who sentenced you.  The petition will contain various allegations, such as you drank alcohol, or you didn't get permission before you moved, or you weren't where you were supposed to be on your pre-arranged schedule.  99% of the time, you will be arrested and taken into custody on the petition to revoke probation.  At your initial appearance on the petition to revoke probation, you have three choices:  Admit, Deny, Decide What to Do Later. 

If you admit one or more “allegations” (such as:  you were not where you were supposed to be on your Intensive Probation Supervision schedule, you failed to show-up in person to the PO’s office, or you failed to go to counseling), then the judge will set a disposition hearing (like a second sentencing hearing) in approximately 20 days.  The judge will usually have every sentencing option open, including putting you back on probation.  You will likely remain in custody while waiting for your disposition.

Option 2, Deny, means that you deny that you violated the alleged probation conditions the PO is saying you violated in the petition to revoke.  The judge will then set a Violation Hearing where the state must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that you committed one of more of the alleged probation violations.  “By a preponderance of the evidence” means that it is more likely than not that you violated your probation.  It is a much lower standard than “proof beyond a reasonable doubt.”  If the judge finds that you violated one or more of the probation conditions, the judge will set a Disposition hearing within 20 days after the Violation Hearing.  If the judge finds that you did not violate any probation condition, then the judge will put you back on probation. 

Option 3, Delay, means that the judge will set another hearing for you in several days at which you can then decide whether you want to Admit or Deny. 

Under all three options, you will almost always remain in custody. 

Understand Your Legal Rights

What to do if you are stopped by the police:

• Be calm. Don't Panic. Don't run.
• Don't hit or resist the police.
• Be courteous. Getting smart just makes things worse.
• Show the police your identification, when asked, or give your name, age, and address. Never lie about these facts.
• You need not say anything else. Anything else you do or say can be used against you in court.

When stopped in your car by the police:

• Show your identification or give your name, age, address, car registration, and insurance documentation when asked.
• You do not need to answer any other questions.
• If the police want to search the vehicle you have the right to refuse the search. If they begin to search without your permission, do not attempt to stop them.

What to do when you are arrested:

• The police can use force if you resist arrest even if you are innocent of any crime. Don't fight being arrested!
• If the police ask to search you, tell them you are not consenting to a search. You have a right to request not to be searched, but do not try to stop the search.
• Advise the police that you want to remain silent until you have spoken to a lawyer (and/or your parents if you are a minor). Do not make any verbal and/or sign any written statements to the police before speaking to an attorney.
• If you cannot afford to pay for a lawyer, you may have the right to a free lawyer.

What to do when you are taken to the police station:

• If you are not free to leave, ask to call a lawyer or your parents if you are a minor. You have the right to make a telephone call.
• Remember at all these times, except when asked to identify yourself, you have the right:
  1. To remain silent.
  2. To have a lawyer and or your parents (if you are a minor) present.

Legal Resources in Pima County

• Pima County Public Defender
• Pima County Office of Court Appointed Counsel
• Pima County Superior Court
• Pima County Justice Court
• Pima County Juvenile Court
• Pima County Clerk of the Superior Court
• Pima County Public Fiduciary
• City of Tucson Legal Information
• Wm. E. Morris Institute for Justice